| Year |
Event |
| 1931 |
Dr. Cornelius Rhoads of the Rockefeller
Institute for Medical Investigations infects human subjects
with cancer. He then establishes U.S. Army Biological Warfare
facilities in Maryland, Utah and Panama. He is also appointed
to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, where he performs radiation
experiments on American soldiers and civilian hospital patients. |
| 1932 |
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: 200 black men
with syphilis are never told and denied treatment to study progression
of the disease. All die of syphilis and families are never told
that they could have been treated. |
| 1935 |
Pellagra Incident: millions die of Pellagra
before the U.S. Public Health Service acts. The director admits
the agency knew for at least 20 years that Pellagra is niacin
deficiency but failed to act because most deaths were in poor
black populations. |
| 1940 |
Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are
infected with Malaria to study new experimental drugs. Nazi
doctors on trial at Nuremberg cited this American study in defense
of their studies during the Holocaust. |
| 1942 |
Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard
gas experiments on some 4,000 servicemen. Experiments through
1945 make use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to be human
guinea pigs in lieu of active duty service. |
| 1943 |
Japan has full-scale germ warfare program
and the U.S. researches biological weapons at Fort Detrick,
MD. |
| 1944 |
U.S. Navy tests gas masks and clothing
by locking human subjects in a gas chamber and exposing them
to mustard gas and lewisite. |
| 1945 |
Project Paperclip: U.S. State Department,
Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists giving
them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on
top secret United States government projects. |
| 1945 |
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
"Program F": study of health effects of fluoride, one of the
most toxic chemicals known and a key to atomic bomb production.
It is found that Fluoride causes marked adverse effects in the
central nervous system and the information is classified. |
| 1946 |
VA hospitals use human guinea pigs for
medical experiments called "investigations" or "observations"
when reporting results. |
| 1947 |
Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S.
Atomic Energy Comission issues a secret document (Document 07075001,
January 8, 1947) initiating intravenous dosing of radioactive
substances to human subjects. |
| 1947 |
CIA, founded as a home for the Nazi
SS, begins to study LSD as a weapon. Civilian and military subjects
are used with and without knowledge. |
| 1950 |
Department of Defense plans to detonate
nuclear weapons in desert areas and monitor medical problems
and mortality of downwind residents while telling them it is
perfectly safe. |
| 1950 |
U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria
from ships over San Franciso monitoring the extent of infection
throughout the city. Many residents get pneumonia-like symptoms.
|
| 1951 |
Department of Defense begins
open air tests lasting through 1969 with disease-producing bacteria
and viruses. |
| 1953 |
U.S. military releases zinc cadmium
sulfide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne,
the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. |
| 1953 |
The U.S. Army, Navy and CIA working
together expose tens of thousands in New York and San Francisco
to airborne Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii. |
| 1953 |
CIA Project MKULTRA: eleven year research
program to produce and test drugs and biological agents for
mind control and behavior modification. Six subprojects involve
testing the agents on human beings without knowledge or consent.
MK is code for Mind Kontrol, showing Nazi roots. |
| 1955 |
CIA releases bacteria from the Army's
biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Florida. |
| 1955 |
Army Chemical Corps tests incapacitating
dosages of LSD on over 1,000 Americans through 1958. |
| 1956 |
U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected
with Yellow Fever over Savannah, Georgia and Avon Park, Florida,
then poses as public health officials testing victims. |
| 1958 |
LSD tests with 95 volunteers at the
Army's Chemical Warfare Laboratories show effects on intelligence. |
| 1960 |
The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for
Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe
(Project THIRD CHANCE) and the
Far East (Project DERBY HAT).
|
| 1965 |
CIA and Department of Defense start
Project MKSEARCH to manipulate human behavior with mind-altering
drugs. |
| 1965 |
Prisoners at Holmesburg State Prison
in Philadelphia are given dioxin, a toxin in chemical warfare
Agent Orange and monitored for cancer. |
| 1966 |
CIA starts Project MKOFTEN to test the
toxic effects of drugs on people and animals. |
| 1966 |
U.S. Army disperses Bacillus subtilis
variant niger through the New York City subway systems
exposing over one million civilians by dropping lightbulbs full
of bacteria on ventilation gratings. |
| 1967 |
CIA and Department of Defense start
Project MKNAOMI, successor of MKULTRA to maintain, stockpile
and test biological and chemical weapons. |
| 1968 |
CIA injects chemicals into the water
supply of the FDA in Washington, D.C. |
| 1969 |
Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department
of Defense requests $10 million to develop a synthetic biological
agent to which there is no natural immunity. |
| 1970 |
Funding for a synthetic biological agent
is obtained under H.R. 15090. With CIA supervision, the Special
Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top secret biological
weapons facility may have developed the molecular biology techniques
to produce HIV-like retroviruses. |
| 1970 |
U.S. intensifies development of "ethnic
weapons" (Military Review, Nov., 1970) to eliminate ethnic groups
based on genetic differences in susceptibility to an agent. |
| 1975 |
Virus section of Fort Detrick's Center
for Biological Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer
Research Facilities and placed under the National Cancer Institute
(NCI). In a virus cancer program of the U.S. Navy retrovirologists
isolate HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus), a virus to which
no immunity exists. |
| 1977 |
Senate hearings on Health and Scientific
Research confirm that 239 populated areas were contaminated
with biological agents between 1949 and 1969 including San Francisco,
Washington, D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis and St.
Louis. |
| 1978 |
Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials
by the CDC start in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco
with ads for research subjects calling for promiscuous homosexual
men. |
| 1981 |
First cases of AIDS are confirmed in
homosexual men in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco with
speculation that AIDS may have been introduced via the Hepatitis
B vaccine. |
| 1985 |
According to the journal Science (227:173-177),
HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating
a close taxonomic and biological relationship. |
| 1986 |
Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences (83:4007-4011): HIV and VISNA share all structural
elements except a small segment which is nearly identical to
HTLV. Speculation is that HTLV and VISNA could have been linked
to make a new retrovirus with no natural immunity, as funded. |
| 1986 |
Report to Congress shows the U.S. Government's
biological weapons includes modified viruses, naturally occurring
toxins and genetically engineered agents to prevent treatment
by existing vaccines. |
| 1987 |
Department of Defense says that despite
a treaty banning R&D on biological agents it maintains such
activity at 127 facilities. |
| 1990 |
Over 1500 six-month old black and hispanic
babies in Los Angeles are given "experimental" measles vaccine
not licensed for use in the United States. CDC admits that parents
were not informed. |
| 1994 |
Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD Anderson
Cancer Center in Houston, Texas using gene tracking discovers
many Desert Storm veterans infected with a strain of Mycoplasma
incognitus used to produce biological weapons. The microbe's
molecular structure contains 40 percent of the HIV protein coat
showing that it is man-made. |
| 1994 |
Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a
report revealing that for at least 50 years the Department of
Defense has intentionally exposed hundreds of thousands of military
personnel to dangerous substances including mustard and nerve
gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals, hallucinogens and
other drugs. |
| 1995 |
U.S. Government admits that it offered
Japanese war criminals and scientists who had performed human
medical experiments salaries and immunity from prosecution in
exchange for biological warfare research data. |
| 1995 |
Dr. Garth Nicolson finds evidence that
biological agents used in the Gulf War were made in Houston,
Texas and Boca Raton, Florida and tested on prisoners in the
Texas Department of Corrections. |
| 1996 |
Department of Defense admits that Desert
Storm soldiers were exposed to chemical agents. |
| 1997 |
Eighty-eight members of Congress sign
a letter demanding investigation into bioweapons and Gulf War
Syndrome. |
