:History:

:Mathematician A. Fomenko researches biographies, creating a time-line of the person's age at major life events. The resulting number series is highly individual.  With a large number of data points, the probability of an identical timeline on separate biographies is almost zero.

A computer analysis of dynastic data of the royal families of Europe and Asia shows coincides only for rulers before the 17th century. Biographies of all Chinese emperors before the 17th century precisely duplicate biographies of medieval European rulers, but with huge time shifts. Timelines of Egyptian pharoahs also match emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Analysis of the classic Roman historian Josephus Flavius' histories of Israel and Rome shows them as a retelling of the Old Testament with substitution of names and geography. Are the Old Testament Judaic kings the Roman emperors or vice versa? 

:Correspondences:

Chinese emperors, pre 17th century	European rulers, medieval
Egyptian pharoahs	Holy Roman Empire
Old Testament Judaic kings	Roman emperors

Jews may have been more a global ruling class rather than an ethnic group, as Judaism spread around the world among many races and diverse languages other than Hebrew. Culture varies tremendously among Jewish peoples. Are they the lost tribes of Israel dispersed around the world by wars and devastation of their homeland, or is there another reason for the diaspora? Why would they disperse rather than move en mass? Why would they disperse so very far?

One of the twelve tribes of Israel is Menashe. About two million Menashe (Shinlung) people live in the mountains along the border of India and Myanmar (Burma). They look like other people of China and Burma.

They say their ancestors were exiled to Assyria in 722 B.C. with the other tribes of Israel. Assyria was then conquered by Babylon in 607 B.C., which was conquered by Persia in 457 B.C., which was conquered by Alexander the Great of Greece in 331 B.C. In this period the Menashe tribe was deported from Persia to Afghanistan and other areas. From Afghanistan they moved east to China and the Wei River valley in 231 B.C. The tribe's religious holidays are at the same time as the Jewish holidays. They have a traditional song about crossing the Red Sea: "We shall celebrate the Passover festival; we have crossed the Red Sea. By night our way was lit by fire, by day a cloud showed us the way. Enemies tried to catch us, the sea covered their chariots, and they became food for the fishes. And when we experienced thirst, the rock gave us water to drink." 3

Every village has a priest named Aaron who supervises village life and religious ceremonies. The precision of the dates is striking for a shepherd tribe migrating for centuries without a calendar or a tradition to fix the birth dates of their own children, but handing down the timing of the Assyrian and Babylonian captivity, the period of Alexander’s conquests of Macedonia and the date of their arrival on Chinese land. Many Menashe converted to Islam, although the Torah scroll was kept by the elders and priests.

Also in Burma, the Mizo tribe, with no contact with the Menashe people, observes many Jewish ceremonies and rituals: circumcision, Shabbat, and holidays.  

In Kashmir, five to seven million people consider themselves descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, all of them Moslem. Place names with Judaic origin include: Har Nevo, Beit Peor, and Pisga. Their Udu language includes many Hebrew words. 

The priest Kitro in his book, “A General History of the Mughal Empire” says the population of Kashmir is descended from the Israelites. The Arab historian and traveller El Bironi records: “In the past, permission to enter Kashmir was given only to Jews."  

The priest Monstrat says during the 15th Century times of Vasco da Gama, “all the inhabitants of this land are people who have been living here since ancient times... they trace their ancestry from the ancient Israelites.  Their features, external appearance, build, clothing, way of conducting business all show that they are descendants of the ancient Jews.” These people light candles before the start of the Sabbath, wear curls (resembling forelocks), and beards; they also have the image of the Star of David.

Yusmarg (Handwara) in Kashmir near the Pakistan border is home to Bnei Israel (the Sons of Israel). Bnei Israel is an ancient name for all of the population of Kashmir.

It is legend that Jesus Christ reached the Kashmir Valley in search of the lost ten tribes and lived there until death. Some locals claim they know where his grave is located.

In a small Kashmir village, along the Wallar Link, they say Moses is buried there. Some believe that King Solomon came to the Kashmir Valley. Mullah Nadiri, author of “The History of Kashmir,” and Mullah Ahmad, author of “Events of Kashmir,” say the Kashmiri people come from the ancient Israelites.

15 million Pathans live in Persia, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Israeli anthropologist Shalva Weil says they claim descent from lost ten tribes and they observe Jewish traditions.  The Pathans circumcise their children on the eighth day of their life.  The Pathans have something similar to the small Jewish Talit called a “Kafan.”  This is a four-cornered covering on the corners of which are attached tassels.

The Pathans honor Shabbat a day of rest; they do not work, they do not prepare food, and they are not involved with housekeeping. Before Shabbat, they bake 12 Challahs to glorify the day, as in the ancient Jewish temple.  The Pathans also have the tradition of Kosher.  They don’t eat horse or camel, which are popular in the region. Men bear Jewish names like Israel and Samuel which are not generally used in the Moslem world.

The Pathans prey toward Jerusalem in the mosques. The Shield of David is in almost all homes, whether made of valuable metals by the wealthy or just wood. The Star of David appears on towers, schools, chains and bracelets. In Minerajan there are schools where it is attached to the doors or suspended above them.

Ethiopia. The Falasha lived in the country all the way to the very last decades, another lost tribe of Israel. As the Czech African researcher Zdenek Polacek 4 testifies, up until resettlement to Israel, the Falasha lived (and the rest of them still live) scattered between the largest northern Ethiopian ethnic groups (the Amhara and Tigrean) in the Begemdir and Tigray provinces.  

The Falasha call themselves "The Home of Israel” (Beta Israel) or in their native language of the Cushite group they use “Kayla.”  Generally the Falasha did not know Hebrew.  One may consider the “Sabbath Instructions” (Tehezaze Senbet) as an original work of Falasha literature.

In this book, Shabbat is a female being with a heavenly light. The Judaism of the Falasha is peculiar with elements of the epoch of the first temple (the sacrifice of animals, the institution of the priesthood). The Falasha didn’t know either the Mishnah or the Talmud. A synagogue was in every village or hamlet where at least one priest lived. Falasha priests (cahenat, singular: cahen) were descended from Aaron. The whole community selected a candidate for the position of priest. According to the instructions of the Torah, circumcision (gizret) was done to children on the eighth day after birth.  

The South American Indians may be among the lost tribes of Israel according to an article in the Israeli newspaper “Maariv” (December 1974):

“In 1587, the Jesuit Nicholas Delltsu was sent to South America by the King of Spain for missionary purposes - to convert the Indians to Christianity. In Argentina, Nicholas discovered a people who bore Jewish names, namely: Abraham, David, Moses and so forth. To the question about whether they were circumcised, these people answered thus: ‘Yes, just like our ancestors.’ In this same region were found stone knives used for circumcision. Sharpened stone knives are mentioned also in the Bible as special instruments for completion of the rite of circumcision.

An Argentine tribe has a stone slab with three commandments:  ‘Do not steal,’ ‘Do not lie’ and ‘Do not kill.’ In 1974, in the same region were found round stone slabs with a Jewish menorah (a seven-pointed candlestick); along the sides of the menorah in the Aramaic language is the inscription ‘Passover.’ Alongside the slab is a long brick-shape stone with an engraving of a ship (the emblem of the Zevulun tribe) and with the engraved word ‘Zipporah’ (the name of Moses’ wife, and perhaps, the name of the ship.) Scientists think that the stone is nearly 3,000 years old.”

Tribe	Location
Menashe (Shinlung)	mountains along the border of India and Myanmar (Burma)
Zevulun	Argentina
Mizo	Burma
Bnei Israel (the Sons of Israel)	Yusmarg (Handwara), Kashmir
Pathans	Persia, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan
Falasha, Kayla, Beta Israel = "The Home of Israel”	Begemdir and Tigray provinces, Ethiopia
Reubin & Levi	Ecuador

The South American Jewish Indians were an issue in Europe as early as the 17th century. The Amsterdam rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel devoted many years to it. A deeply religious man, he believed that there existed on earth the mysterious Sabbatical river Sambation which is mentioned in the Talmud. Its miraculous property is while it is insurmountable on week days, with the Sabbath it calms. Jews who live on that side of the Sambation cannot cross the river, as it would violate the Shabbat, and they can only talk with fellow tribesmen on this side when it is calm. Historian Josephus Flavius (“The Judaic War”) and Pliny the Elder (“Natural History”) wrote about the Sambation.

Manasseh Ben Israel emphasized in his book that many learned men believed that the ten tribes of Israel settled on the other side of the river. He quoted many authors including Josephus Flavius, who claim that the Emperor Titus saw the river.   

After a meeting of Manasseh with the missionary Antonio de Montezinos, the rabbi was convinced that the American Indians were the descendants of the 10 tribes of Israel. 

Manasseh learned from Montezinos that in 1642, when the latter was traveling in the mountains of Ecuador, four Indians met him, who greeted him with the Jewish prayer, “Shema Israel.” “Hear, Israel , the Lord is our God, the Lord is one.”  

The traveler said that the Indians spoke with him in Hebrew and called themselves the descendants of Reubin and Levi.  

Manasseh came to the conclusion that the American Indians are descendants of the lost tribes of Israel. On 23 December 1649, he wrote to John Drury, the Puritan divine: “I think that the descendants of the ten tribes live not only in America but also around the whole world.  These are those Jews who have not seen the second temple; they, possibly, will be dispersed until the prophecies of their reunification are realized.”

Traces of the influence of the lost tribes of Israel are found even in Japan. The Japanese writer Arimasa Kubo has performed special research and come to the conclusion: a great number of the local ceremonies testify to the fact that the Jews arrived at some time on the territory of this country and settled here. Shinto, the traditional religion of the Japanese, bears strikingly pronounced features of Judaism. Arimasa Kubo has collected extensive ethnographic material in support of his conclusion.

The traditional Ontohsai festival is held at the large Suwa-Taisha Shinto shrine in Nagano prefecture each year (when the Japanese, as also the Jews, used the lunar calendar, the holiday was held in March or April). A festival activity is similar to the story of the sacrifice of Isaac.   

Japanese “Shofar"

At the festival, right up to the last century, they tied a boy to a wooden column and placed him on a bamboo cover. A Shinto priest, holding a knife, approached the boy and cut off a piece of the upper part of the column.  Suddenly a messenger (another priest) approached the priest, and they set the boy free. The festival sacrificed 75 does.  In ancient Japan there were no sheep, and the doe is a kosher animal. Otherwise, the sacrifice of animals is not a Shinto tradition.      

Onie-bashira

Today the custom is a symbolic intent to sacrifice the boy, and then let him go free. There is a wooden column called “onie-bashira," which signifies the “sacrificial column.”

Yamabushi with a Tokin

The Japanese religious "Yamabushi" priests put small black boxes (tokin) on the forehead the same as the Jews’ phylactery . This custom existed in Japan before Buddhism came in the 17th century. The size of the tokin is practically the same as the Jewish phylactery.  The only difference is the shape: the Jewish phylactery is square, the Japanese tokin is round.  

Yamabushi with tokin and shofar

The Yamabushi has a large sea shell for use as a horn, reminiscent of the Jewish shofar made from a ram's horn.  The sound produced by each is similar.  

Tengu is a legendary supernatural being. A Ninja, while carrying out the wishes of his master, goes looking for Tengu in the mountains in order to receive the same capabilities. Tengu endows the Ninja with special powers, and also gives him the “tora-no-maki” (a scroll of the torah), a magical book capable of helping any situation.

The clothing of the Israelite and Japanese priests is very similar.  Marvin Tokayer, a rabbi who has lived in Japan for 10 years writes: “The linen clothing which the Japanese Shinto priests wear has the same shape as the linen clothing of the ancient Israelite priests.”  

The construction of a Japanese Shinto shrine is similar to the construction of the Tent of Revelation in ancient Israel. Inside the Tent of Revelation are two parts: the Sanctuary and the Holy of Holies.  The Shinto shrine also has two parts. Only Shinto priests or special people may enter the Sanctuary. Priests only enter the Holy of Holies of Japanese shrines during special festivals.

Opposite a Japanese shrine there are two statues of lions, known as “komainu.”  They sit on both sides of the entrance, guarding the shrine. The same tradition is in ancient Israel.  In the temple of the Most High in Israel and in the palace of King Solomon there were statues of lions (Melachin (Third Book of Kings) 7:36 ,10:19). In ancient Japan there were no lions.

The Japanese use salt for purification and consecration. People may sprinkle salt after an unpleasant person has been near. In ancient Israel, when Abimelech destroyed Shechem, he “sowed it with salt.” (Book of Judges (Shoftim 9:45).  

Shinto is polytheistic, but Kubo thinks Shinto once believed in Yaweh. “Amenominakanushi-no-kami” is considered to be the very first Shinto god. The Japanese believe that he was born before all the gods, lived in the center of the universe, had no form, was eternal and, being the invisible creator of the universe, was the sole god.

Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz, a Russian Jewish theologian says “The Jews are not a nationality. They are a metaphorical essence of a people who bear a defined mission and are called upon to become an instrument for the execution and realization of the divine plan” (“Exodus” magazine, 2003.)

Steinsaltz compares Jews with noblemen. The nobility is hereditary and can be conferred. Jews are defined by maternal lines but can also come through a rite of dedication and conversion.

True-History is His-Story, but written accounts are paid for by the regal victors and temporal owners of the world to buttress their power. Monarchal courts employ literate scribes and offer rewards, honors, titles, and benevolence for valued service. A recent author 'documents' that the ruling houses of Europe are descendants of Jesus Christ. (D. Kalyuzhny and A. Zhabinsky.  “The Other History of Wars.”)  They complimented him and an English prince conferred awards.

Joseph Scaliger is the founder of the traditional chronology. The origins of the European peoples and dynasties were the most pressing historical issues for monarchs to help establish their claims. The fundamental requirement for roots were common everywhere: the more ancient, the better.

After the destruction of Rome by the forces of Charles V (1527), there appeared many new versions of the origin of the European nations. Anthony Grafton, author of a book about Scaliger, compared the historical science of that time with a mirrored labyrinth in which it is impossible to determine anything. Joseph Scaliger (1540 – 1609), philosopher, analyst of ancient texts and mathematician, decided to put everything in order.

He adhered to the generally accepted idea of the "succession of kingdoms” from a central monarchy of the world which changed location several times. The history was divided into three monarchies: Babylonian (Assyrian, Chaldean, Persian-Medean) with a capital at Babylon; Greek (Macedonian) with a capital at Alexandria founded by Alexander of Macedonia; Rome, which split into the Eastern and Western Empires.

The events of the Middle Ages have been renamed and spread over various epochs and countries in accordance with the purposes of noblemen. In Scaliger’s epoch there are no worldwide monarchies, rather a multitude of independent states. The memory of central monarchy was still fresh in the 16th century: the Byzantine Empire .

Scaliger’s predecessors and he himself didn’t write history, but computed it. The method of historiography included numerology, cabala and astrology. Scaliger’s older contemporary, Jean Boden, composed “A Method of Easy Determination of History,” which showed how to detect empires.

He wrote: “The square of 12 is 144, and the cube is 1,728.  Not one empire in its existence exceeded the value of the sum of these numbers; therefore, the larger numbers should be rejected. Of the spherical numbers included in the great number there are four - 125, 216, 625 and 1,296.  With the aid of several of these numbers. . . we permit ourselves to study the miraculous changes of almost all states. . .Starting with the cube of 12, we shall find that the monarchy of the Assyrians from King Ninus to Alexander the Great embodies this number precisely. . . It would be more accurate to say that a single monarchy of the Assyrians and Persians existed than there allegedly existed two different monarchies. In a different case, we are supposed to distinguish the kingdom of the Chaldeans, Medians and Parthians from the Assyrian-Persian monarchy.”

"It is impossible to distinguish; otherwise, the great number will be broken." The author discovered an entire world empire at the tip of his pen, as a century later the astronomers Leverrier and Adams calculated the planet Neptune.

Relying on numerology, the author easily and naturally finds chronological dates of various states in antiquity. He juggles names like a magician: “As regards the cube of seven, there also are many examples. This number was chosen by Moses for the establishment of a great festival. From the victory of the Jews over Haman with the aid of Esther to the victory over Antioch, 343 years had passed, and both that and the other victory were gained on the 13th day of the 12th month, which the Jews call Adar. . . That same number of years had passed from the time, when Augustus I established control, until the time when Constantine the Great achieved domination.  The kingdom of the Persians, from Cyrus to Alexander, lasted 210 years – a number which is formed from 30 whole sevens."

The whole book is built on such arguments. For Boden, history is not the past of mankind, but a design created as a result of manipulations with numbers. He is a faithful adherent of the Masons and numerologists who impart a mystical essence to numbers.

Boden's exercises were used and developed in the works of Scaliger and his follower, Petavius. The astrologers, numerologists and prophets laid the basis of the traditional chronology. Numerology for Scaliger and his followers is not a mind game, but a serious method of historic research.

The Roman historian Polybius before the start of the Christian Era wrote a 40 volume “General History” based on the notion of “historic cycles.” Then an understanding of the cycle as a spiral began to prevail, with repetition of analogous, but distinct phases in undulating and progressive forward movement. (Yuriy Yakovets “Cycles. Crises. Forecasts" 1999) All phenomena of life have their own frequency.

Scaliger arranged historical events to fit the theory.  If no similar event was found for a current event, they sent a duplicate of the event into antiquity.
Scaliger and his followers created history, convinced that they were correct.

None of the originals of the “ancient Greek” compositions ever were in the hands of even the most conscientious researchers. Some are only references in works ascribed to various chroniclers.

These works appear after a millennium of the “Dark Ages,” when no one recalled Greece and Rome. In the Middle Ages both the volumes of ancient historians and the poems of Homer and also of other Hellas poets, and legends and myths were found suddenly. . . Where they were hidden for ten centuries, no one knows.

The traditional views are that the history of Ancient Greece starts from the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. with the rise of the first state on the island of Crete, and ends in the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., when the Greek and Hellenistic states of the Eastern Mediterranean are conquered by Rome.   

The Trojan Wa ris in the poems of the great blind poet, Homer. The poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are a source for construction of a whole section of Greek history. The Trojan War is a war of the Achaeans against Troy at the end of the 13th century B.C.  

According to myth, the abduction by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, of the beautiful Helen, the wife of the King of Sparta, Menelaus was the causus belli.  Irregulars of kings from almost all areas of Greece, who had a claim for Helen’s hand and given a vow to aid her future spouse, assemble.  The "Iliad" claims 100,000 warriors in the Achaean force with 1,186 ships.  

Negotiation by the embassy of Menelaus and Odysseus to Priam fails, and a siege of the city lasts more than 9 years.

Events of the 10th and final year of the war are in the “Iliad.” Apollo’s priest, Chryses, asked Agamemnon to return to him a daughter who had been taken captive, Chryseis, but was refused.  Apollo, who had been aiding the Trojans, inflicted a plague on the Achaean forces.  In order to propitiate the god, Agamemnon returned Chryses’ daughter, but in exchange took Briseis from Achilles as his prisoner.  The angry Achilles refused to take part in the war.  The Achaeans began to meet with failure after this, and many heroes were casualties.  

When the Trojans burst into the Achaean camp and threaten the ships, Achilles sends his friend Patroclus in his own armor.  The Trojans run to the protection of the fortress walls, but Patroclus dies by Hector’s hand.

Achilles, avenging his friend in new armor forged by Hephaestus, enters the battle and kills Hector, desecrating his body. Hector’s father, the old Priam, on coming to Achilles prays for the return of his son’s body.  At the sight of the father’s grief, Achilles softens and gives back Hector’s body.  The Iliad ends with the funerals of Patroclus and Hector.          

Excavations in the places in the myths about the Trojan war confirm a military clash of Achaeans with the tribes of the northwestern part of Asia Minor in the beginning of the 13th Century B.C. according to traditional historians.

The fall of Troy occurred in 1225 B.C. though no written sources confirm it. According to the Columbian Encyclopedia (U.S.), the Iliad and Odyssey were written by Homer for an aristocratic audience in Asia Minor before 700 B.C., so the author lived 500 years after the war. Homer was blind and wrote nothing while alive, yet his poems, written in small print, take up 700 pages. A special commission in Athens wrote down the Iliad and Odyssey for the first time several hundred years later. How did these works get to the commission? Traditional historiography says fellow citizens learned all 700 pages, and retold them to new generations for several centuries.

The 20th century has several similar cases. The Kirghiz in Central Asia, received a written language in the first half of the 20th century, their national oral epos “Manas” was first written down.  In Uzbekistan the "Alpamysh” epos was also written down. Musicians and poets also recorded the Uzbek “Makom” popular sung legends of antiquity.  

The Iliad and Odyssey were unknown for many centuries of the “Dark Ages”. Traditional historians write: “In medieval Europe, they knew Homer only through the quotations and references from Latin writers and Aristotle.  At the end of the 14th century, the Italian humanists became more closely acquainted with Homer. . . Only in 1723 did the first translation of the Iliad appear, done by the poet Anton Maria Salvini”   

Where were the texts of Homer for nearly 2,000 years? Did a blind poet named Homer ever exist? Vico (1668—1744), the author of “Principles of the New Science Concerning the Common Nature of Nations” thinks the Homeric poems were written by various authors in various epochs. He started from the works themselves. They were written as magnificent verse, polished to perfection, and strike one with a wealth of vocabulary and persistent expressions, and this testifies beyond controversy to the fact that the author or authors were grounded in the solid poetical traditions of their time. Yet we know neither Homer’s predecessors nor followers. The composition of the poems is loose, full of long, drawn out passages, unnecessary insertions and digressions, which don’t relate to the subject. This is evidence of more than one author.

A question about the authorship in 1795 is written by the German scholar Friedrich August Wolf in a forward to an edition of the Greek text of the poems. Wolf considers the creation of a large epos in an illiterate period impossible, suggesting that the tales were created by various poets.

Scholars of the time are divided into “analysts,” followers of Wolf’s theory (the German scholars Karl Lachmann, A Kirchhoff with a theory of “small eposes;” G. Herman and the English historian George Grote with a"theory of the basic kernel,” shared by the Russia F.F. Zelinskiy) and “unitarians,” adherents of a strict unity of the epos (the translator of Homer, Johann Heinrich Voss and the philosopher Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgan von Goethe, and Hegel in Germany, and N.I. Gnedich, V.A. Zhukovsky and Alexander Pushkin in Russia.)  

Archaeological digs in 1870 – 80 by Heinrich Schliemann according to Homer’s poems show that the Trojans had been beaten by the Achaeans where the "Iliad” indicated. Homer's epoch began to be associated with the period of the flourishing of Achaean Greece in the 14th – 13th centuries B.C. Yet, the riches are many centuries older than Priam and Hecuba; the graves are not tombs of the Atrides, but ruins of an Aegean civilization in continental Greece, just as ancient as the Minoan epoch of Crete.  Schliemann confirmed the truth of Horace’s famous line: vixerunt fortes ante Agamemnona – “Brave men were living before Agamemnon.”  

Did Heinrich Schliemann discover Troy or something else? No one knows. Heinrich Schliemann was a self-taught person whose digs did not observe any rules and destroyed beyond hope whole cultural groups at the site of an ancient settlement, which he arbitrarily called Troy.

The Trojan War gives evidence of participants: Dictis and Dares Phrygius in the Middle Ages writing in Latin. Their “dry and monotonous account of the facts of the siege” was more highly regarded in those times than “Homer’s incredible poem” as described by the traditional historians.

The journals of Dictis and Dares give birth in medieval Europe to many works of what is now termed the “Trojan Cycle.” Their fame eclipsed that of Homer until the 17th century:  “Dares Phrygius became one of the most well-known writers of antiquity.”    

Dictis and Dares are mentioned in Homer’s poems. The text of “Iliad” and “Odyssey” appeared for the first time in the 14th century. Dictis and Dares wrote their journals long before the author(s) of Homer's poems mention them.  

In the 8th - 9th centuries A.D. at the court of Charlemagne there was a famous poet Englebert who used the name Homer.

The 19 th century German historian Ferdinand Gregorovius in the thorough monograph, “A History of the City of Athens in the Middle Ages,” gives a detailed alphabetized index of the names of rulers, heroes and warriors. Among them is also the family Saint Homer, that is St. Homer, who played a noticeable role in the history of Italy and Greece in the 13th Century A.D. Representatives of this family were participants of the “Trojan” war of the 13th century.

The Trojan War in “ancient” Greece is an imaginary reflection of the Gothic War, which occurred in the early Middle Ages. Comparison of the two wars shows their coincidence. 

Trojan Kingdom (Homer)	Roman Empire (Livy)
seven kings	seven emperors
first king founds the city and state	first emperor founds the city and state
fall of Troy and the kingdom with the seventh king	fall of Rome and the Empire (becomes a republic) with the seventh emperor
10 year war	12 year war
Trojan kingdom falls twice in history	Roman Empire & Roman Empire III (West) falls twice in history: second is the Gothic War
Two newcomer-strangers Jason and Hercules destroy the first Trojan kingdom	Two newcomer-strangers Odoacer and Theodoric destroy the “purely Roman” Empire (First Empire) invading from the northwest.
Name change after the first empire: Dardan Settlement becomes Trojan empire	Name change after the first empire: Roman Empire (West) becomes Tarquin-ruled Ostrogothic kingdom
New name is from the new king, Troil, who “built more than others in the city and gave it his own name - Troy."	New name at the end of Roman Empire II: Emperor Trajan
Newcomer Greeks cause second destruction of Trojan kingdom	Newcomer Greco-Romans cause second collapse of Roman Empire III (West)
Trojan War over a woman: Helen, wife of Menelaus	Tarquin War over an offence to Lucretia
Paris kidnaps Helen by force	Sextus Tarquinius seizes Lucretia and dishonors her
Trojan horse: several hundred warriors inside; stands on wooden legs; moved into city	Gothic war: Greeks use guile storming Naples (New Town or New Rome): penetrate at night through a deserted aqueduct tunnel. In the morning they open the gates, and the troops slaughter the sleeping defenders.
The first Trojan chronicles which reach us are in Latin	In Latin “horse” is “equa,” while water is “aqua.” Aqueduct “aqua-ductio” "that which leads water” is similar to “that which leads a horse” “equa-ductio.”

Numbering of Roman Empires I, II and III: in the opinion of the new chronology, the Holy Roman Empire is in the 10th – 11th centuries.  The rest are imaginary reflections of the Middle Ages.

Errors are human, and therefore common. In translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek the Reed Sea of the Exodus from Egypt, became the Red Sea. Charles Perrault, author of “Cinderella,” wrote about a lady slipper, edged with fur. In translation from French, the lady slipper became a glass slipper.

The accepted classical period is from 600 to 338 B.C. Greece is defending against the Achaemenid power growing in the West.

In 480 B.C., a huge Persian army and navy of King Xerxes invades Greece. Despite heroic resistance of Spartans headed by King Leonidas in the Thermopylae ravine, the Persians break through to Central Greece. The population of Athens flees, the conquerors capture the city and plunder it. In 479 B.C. the Persians suffer defeats on land and sea.

The battle at Thermopylae of 300 Spartans against the Xerxes horde is known to the world. The “father of history” Herodotus wrote about it in his work, “The Histories,” which is mainly about the wars of the Greeks with the Persians.

Whether there was a battle and whether Herodotus lived in the 5th century B.C. is not as certain. Ferdinand Gregorovius’ writing on medieval Greece finds a description of the same battle but with 300 knights.

Byzantine and Turkish forces attack the country (1275 A.D.) as their navy supports from the sea. They surround the city of Neopatria. The city's ruler, having escaped through Thermopylae to Duke Jean la Roche, asks for help. The Duke gathers 300 knights and meets the aggressors in the Thermopylae ravine. Among the knights is Lord de Saint Homer. Jean la Roche says of the attacking hoard: “Many people, but few men.” It was said 1,800 years before, in Herodotus’ words: “Then, one can say, it became clear to all, and especially to the king himself, that the Persians have many people, but among them the men are few.”

Ferdinand Gregorovius says: "It seems to me that these words are borrowed from Herodotus. Although its expression was able to enter the duke’s head simply at the sight of a similar state of affairs.” Ferdinand Gregorovius notes other coincidences between the Middle Ages and "antiquity.” For example, of the sort: “Suleiman, the valiant son of Orhan, crossed the Hellespont by night in 1345. . . Here for the first time the Turks gained a foothold on European soil. The Byzantines compared this horde of conquerors with the Persians and even called them that same name." The fact that they called the Turks Persians defies explanation.

Another event in Ancient Greece is the Peloponnesian War of 431 – 404 B.C. described by Thucydides, a military leader and Greek historian of that time, in “The History of the Peloponnesian War.”  Traditional historiography reports that his work became well known in Europe thanks to the Latin translation of Lorenzo Valla and the English of Thomas Hobbes.

Construction-Zone

Thucydides thinks like Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527 A.D.) seeking to strengthen sovereign power. Thucydides writes only about the first 20 years of the 27 year war beginning in 431 B.C. between the Peloponnesians and Athenians. Some now think the medieval war in Greece (1374 - 1387), which ended the Catalan state was the real event.
Navarre and Athens are in the14th century wa after a huge congress of delegates from all over Greece. Sparta and Athens are in the Peloponnesian War after the congress of deputies of the Peloponnesian Alliance. Both wars start a year after the meeting. In the Middle Ages, the Peloponnesian and Corinthians invade the enemy's territory. The Corinthian principality is the strongest in Peloponnesia in that epoch. The Spartans (Peloponnesians) attack Athens in the ancent setting, and in both cases, Athens holds out at first. Both wars are violent as described by Gregorovius and Thucydides. At the end of the 14th century war, Nerio Acciaiuoli is the military leader and diplomat who storms Athens. At the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Spartan Lysander is the military leader and diplomat who storms the Athenian state. Nerio becomes “the Athenian Tyrant.” Lysander introduces “the tyranny of the thirty” or “the government of the thirty tyrants." Thucydides in his “History” describes three eclipses in the Mediterranean area during the war. From 900 B.C. to 1700 A.D. there are two possible dates for this: 1039, 1046 and 1057 or 1113, 1140 and 1151, over a span of 18 years in either case. There has not been such a triad of eclipses in the last 2,600 years of precise astronomical calculations. There were no matching eclipses in ancient Greece. Thus the Peloponnesian War was a fictionalized account of the medieval war.  There is also a chronological shift in the real dates.

The shifts and carry-overs have approximately the same magnitude in the hundreds of cases found in accordance with ”historic cycles” theory and Masonic numerology.  A graphical representation of the Scaliger chronology created by contemporary scholars looks like symbols of masonry: the compass for Greek and the set square for Roman history.

Alexander of Macedonia.

Traditionally, the Macedonian Empire of King Phillip II (359 – 336 B.C.) comes to power and defeats Athens. Alexander's father Phillip wars with the Persians but is murdered in 336  B.C. postponing an Eastern Crusade. Alexander ascends his father's the throne. Spring 334 B.C., the Macedonians and Greeks sail to Asia Minor. Alexander has fewer troops, but defeats the Persians. Alexander enters Northern Syria and confronts the Persian forces of King Darius III winning the battle in the fall of 333 B.C. near Issa. Then Alexander captures the Phoenician Coast, where Tyre resists, but in 332 the city is taken by storm.  The capture of Gaza opens the way to Egypt which surrenders. Alexander founds a city in the Nile delta, sees the oracle of Ammon in the desert, and the priests declare Alexander the son of Ammon, giving him divine power over Egypt. In the spring of 331 B.C., Alexander moves north, crossing the Euphrates and Tigris, and approaches a small town: Gaugamela. On 1 October 331 B.C. a stronger Persian army wins. Alexander is dreaming about worldwide rule. He conquers vast areas along the Indus river, but his Indian campaign fails. The army refuses to continue. Alexander turnes back with the remnants of his army to Babylon. Alexander dies in 323 B.C. from a fever at the age of 33.

The Osman (Ottoman) Empire of the 15th Century under Mahomet II conquers the same countrie. In some Turkish documents Mahomet II is glorified as Alexander. In some European documents Alexander the Macedonian pays compliments to France, while monks with crosses and thuribles are at his funeral and he is buried in one of the Egyptian pyramids. In the opinion of the medieval authors, “Orpheus is the contemporary of Aeneas, Sardanapal – the King of Greece, and Julian the Apostate – a Papal chaplain. A multitude of epochs, countries and names is mingled. Contemporary historians write that in the Middle Ages “the notion of chronological consistency almost was lost." Medieval evidence does not support Scaliger and Petavius. Medieval author Fredegarius Scholasticus claims King Priam (in the legend of Troy) is of a previous generation. The documents are full of names of distant ancestors, yet Middle Ages names were not used in "antiquity." Georgius Phrantzae in “History” (1258 – 1476 A.D.) names contemporaries: Antioch, Demetrios, Dionysius, Minos, Cleope. Nil Sinayskiy in the same period writes to monks: Demosthenes, Apollosius, Aristocles, Aristarchus.

Alexander's time marks Hellenistic achievements in literature, science, philosophy and art, like Plato. The 15th century A.D. sees the fall of Byzantium and Greece, and the formation of the Osman empire causes medieval Hellenism throughout Europe. Ferdinando Gregorovius writes: “From the moment of the fall of Hellas, the story of the Greeks is split: one into their enslaved motherland, the other into exile. . . . they came to be resettled in strange countries in masses. The West accepted them hospitably. . . Their religious aristocracy found refuge in the capitals and in the educational institutions of Italy, bringing Greek literature here anew.”
Or for the first time. Plato is duplicated several hundred years later by Plotinus (205 – 270 A.D.)  and in the 15th century by Pleton. Plato's ideas appear for the first time in the 15th century at the high point of Pleton’s career as he organizes the Pleton Academy (like the Platonist Academy) in Florence. Pleton writes “Utopia,” as did Plato, and “A Treatise on Laws,” as Plato wrote the treatise “Laws.” Both Pleton and Plato promote the idea of an ideal state.

Art in the 4th century A.D. reflects the new Greek society with master sculptors: Scopas, Leochares, Bryaxis, Praxiteles, Lysippus whose works are excavated “by accident.” Even Michelangelo made counterfeits in his youth: a figurine of Cupid which he sold as an antique. He was able to “ascend to the mastery of the ancient sculptors.”

Benvenuto Cellini's autobiography tells how he created vases declared antique:  “By this little job I obtained much.” Sculptors specialized in counterfeits and one was nicknamed Antico.  

Israel Rouchomovsky in the 19th century, made a series of "antiques.” The Louvre bought the “tiara of Saitapharnes” from him for 200,000 francs as an original of 3rd century B.C. Grecian art. Later it became clear that the figures on the tiara were copied from an atlas of cultural history published in 1882. They were made so skillfully that they didn’t believe Rouchomovsky when he claimed he made the tiara. Then he produced a series of “antiques” and the museum gave in.

Alceo Dessena was the king of antique forgeries. His workshop flooded the market with counterfeit antiquities: “Athenian” statues, sculptures “a la Gothic,” and statuettes “three thousand years old." Dossena exposed himself. Both he and Rouchomovsky became dissatisfied the low pay they earned from the company marketing their art. In 1927, he shot a film about how he made an “antique” statue of a goddess.

In 1937, Honon, while plowing a field not far from Brizet, found a marble statue of Venus. Specialists unanimously proclaimed it a work of the first century B.C. Honon received 250,000 francs for a “creation of Praxiteles or Phidias.” But in 1938, the sculptor Francesco Cremonese, declared that he had hidden his own statue in the field to show his sculpting prowess.

Marble is: “A stone, like metals, subject to corrosion.  The stone’s corrosion appears in the form of peeling, splitting, swelling and a loosening of the rock, the appearance of cracks, splotchiness, cavities and scabbings, discoloration or coloration of the stone's surface in dark tones, the appearance of brown and greenish spots of organic origin.
Among damages of the surface layer one also can pick out a sugary and scaly disintegration of the stone. The sugary disintegration of marble is caused by the uneven disintegration of the surface layer. At the same time, the rough surface of the stone resembles the texture of sugar.   
   . . . It is necessary to note that the Italian, Greek, and Turkish classifications of the stone do not use the term “marbleized limestone.” An overwhelming quantity of limestone is called marble. The durability of limestone is 120 years. The durability of real marble is up to 300 years."

The first catalogue of inscriptions and names of monuments in Athens was established in the middle of the 15th century, but the original was lost and the traces of subsequent forgeries were wiped out. Contemporary specialists are acquainted only with the mention of the catalog in the works of later authors.

Ferdinand Gregorovius claims, “over the course of time, the original name of the majority of ancient Athenian monuments, from which in many cases only individual ruins remained, was forgotten…” According to his ideas, the monuments had to be named as it said in the “ancient” writings, but the local people had other traditions, so they must have forgotten the original names. The people considered the remnants of the Olympion as a basilica, “since no one knew that it is the ruins of the once world renowned temple of Olympus.” Ciriacus (the compiler of the first catalog) calls these tremendous ruins. . . Adrian’s palace, as the Athenians themselves called it. . .

In 1678, Babin didn’t know where the temple of Zeus was in Athens . . . the Academy, Lyceum, Stoa and gardens of Epicurus had disappeared without a trace. In the times of Ciriacus, they called some kind of a group of basilicas the Academy, the location of which it is impossible to determine. . . They located the Lyceum or Aristotle’s didascalion in the ruins of the theatre of Dionysus. . . Ciriacus copied the Greek inscription here, not mentioning the great philosopher. . . The ruins near Callirhoe turned out to be the remnants of Aristophanes’ stage.

The creators of “antiquity” were not satisfied with the Ciriacus catalog. Traditional historiography presumes that authors of medieval writings and residents of Athens are wrong. The whole world knew the Olympic temple, but they didn’t even guess that it was located in their home town. And they didn’t have the slightest idea where the Academy and the gardens of Epicurean were located. Moreover, they considered the great comedian Aristophanes almost as their own contemporary, as many other figures of “antiquity.”